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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ARBOR</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ARBOR Ciencia, Pensamiento y Cultura</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title>ARBOR</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0210-1963</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient&#x00ED;ficas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			 <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">arbor.2013.764n6001</article-id>
			 <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3989/arbor.2013.764n6001</article-id>
		
		<article-categories>
			<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
			<subject>EL LEGADO DE ALAN TURING / THE LEGACY OF ALAN TURING</subject>
			</subj-group>
		</article-categories>
		
		
		<title-group>
			<article-title>INTRODUCTION</article-title>
			<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
			<trans-title>INTRODUCCI&#x00D3;N</trans-title>
			</trans-title-group>
			<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Alan Turing</alt-title>
		</title-group>
		
			 <contrib-group>
			  <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"> 
				<name>
				 <surname>de Le&#x00F3;n</surname>
				 <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
				</name>
				<xref ref-type="aff" rid="U1"/>
			  </contrib>
			  <aff id="U1">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</aff>
			 </contrib-group>
			 <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">e-mail: <email xlink:href="mdeleon@icmat.es">mdeleon@icmat.es</email>
		</corresp>
		</author-notes>
		
		<pub-date pub-type="collection">
		<year>2013</year>
		</pub-date>
		
		<volume>189</volume>
		<issue>764</issue>
		
		<elocation-id content-type="doi">10.3989/arbor.2013.764n6001</elocation-id>

		 <history>
		  	<date date-type="received">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>07</month>
				<year>2013</year>
			</date>
			<date date-type="accepted">
				<day>15</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2013</year>
			</date>
		 </history>
		 
		<permissions>
		<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2013 CSIC</copyright-statement>
		<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
		<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
		<license-p>Este es un art&#x00ED;culo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los t&#x00E9;rminos de la licencia Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0.</license-p>
		</license>
		</permissions>
		
		
	</article-meta>
	</front>		
	

	<body>
		<sec id="S1">
		<title> </title>
		
		<p>Alan Matheson Turing was without doubt one of the most brilliant scientists of the 20th century and his results changed our world. He worked in many different fields and his achievements in all of them still exert an influence today. Turing laid the foundations of modern Information Technology, and in 1999 “Time” magazine named him as one of the 100 most outstanding figures of the 20th century, stating that “everybody who types on a keyboard, opens a spreadsheet or a word processing program is working with an incarnation of the Turing machine”.</p>

			<p>But Turing was also a decisive figure in the Second World War; thanks to his talents and efforts he cracked the German codes transmitted by the Enigma machine. This helped to shorten the war and save thousands of lives in the bloody conflict that devastated Europe and the world. </p>

			<p>With this special issue of ARBOR, we wish to highlight the most important results of Turing’s scientific work, which may be summarized in the following five main epigraphs: </p>

			<p>· The universal computing machine</p>
			<p>· His work in cryptography</p>
			<p>· His contributions to artificial intelligence</p>
			<p>· The theory of morphogenesis</p>
			<p>· His contributions to numerical analysis,</p>
			<p>which are discussed in the eight articles contained in this issue. </p>

			<p>Turing’s influence in each of these subjects has been different, and the success of his contributions to the science of computation is so extraordinary that it is sometimes forgotten that Turing was mathematician. This mathematical aspect, which is present throughout his work, is what this special issue also seeks to emphasize. </p>

			<p>However, Turing’s personal life also deserves special attention. In the puritanical British society of that time, his homosexuality condemned him to marginalization. He not only broke the German codes during the war, but also the far more rigid codes of social behavior; while his mathematical talents proved more than a match for the former, for the latter he would have required a toleration that did not exist at the time. The tragic fate awaiting Turing was undeserved for a genius who did so much for his country and humanity. </p>

			<p>To commemorate his birth, 2012 was designated as the Alan Turing Year, and in order to mark the occasion many events were organized around the world, all of which have once again served as a reminder of the significance his work still holds for us today. </p>

			<p>The purpose of this special issue of ARBOR is to provide further recognition of the figure of Alain Turing by commemorating not only his discoveries but also the legacy he left for us all.</p>
								 
		</sec>
					
		<sec id="S2">
			<title> </title>
					
			<p>Alan Matheson Turing ha sido sin ninguna duda uno de los cient&#x00ED;ficos m&#x00E1;s brillantes del siglo XX, y sus resultados cambiaron nuestro mundo. Los campos en los que trabaj&#x00F3; fueron muy variados, y en todos ellos sus logros siguen influenciando nuestro tiempo.</p>
					
			<p>Turing sent&#x00F3; las bases de la inform&#x00E1;tica de nuestros d&#x00ED;as, de tal manera que en 1999 la revista Time nomin&#x00F3; a Turing como uno de los 100 personajes m&#x00E1;s importantes del siglo XX, afirmando que: “cada uno que teclea en un teclado, o abre un programa de escritura, est&#x00E1; trabajando con una encarnaci&#x00F3;n de una m&#x00E1;quina de Turing”.</p>

			<p>Pero Turing fue tambi&#x00E9;n un personaje decisivo en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, permitiendo con su esfuerzo y talento la rotura de los c&#x00F3;digos alemanes de las m&#x00E1;quinas Enigma; esto supuso un acortamiento de la contienda y ahorrar por tanto miles de vidas en esa sangr&#x00ED;a que asol&#x00F3; Europa y el mundo. </p>

			<p>En este n&#x00FA;mero especial de ARBOR, hemos querido rese&#x00F1;ar los resultados m&#x00E1;s importantes de su trabajo cient&#x00ED;fico, resumidos en estos cinco grandes ep&#x00ED;grafes:</p>

			<p>· la m&#x00E1;quina de computaci&#x00F3;n universal</p>

			<p>· su trabajo en criptograf&#x00ED;a</p>
			<p>· sus aportaciones a la inteligencia artificial</p>
			<p>· la teor&#x00ED;a de la morfog&#x00E9;nesis</p>
			<p>· sus aportaciones al an&#x00E1;lisis num&#x00E9;rico</p>
			<p>que son debatidos en los ocho art&#x00ED;culos que integran el volumen.</p>
			<p>La influencia de Turing en cada uno de estos temas no ha sido la misma, y el &#x00E9;xito de sus aportaciones a las ciencias de la computaci&#x00F3;n ha sido tan extraordinario que a veces se olvida que Turing fue un matem&#x00E1;tico. Este aspecto matem&#x00E1;tico, que impregna toda su obra, es el que este n&#x00FA;mero especial que el lector tiene en sus manos quiere tambi&#x00E9;n destacar.</p>

			<p>Pero tambi&#x00E9;n su vida merece una atenci&#x00F3;n especial. En una sociedad brit&#x00E1;nica tan puritana en esa &#x00E9;poca, su condici&#x00F3;n de homosexual le conden&#x00F3; a la clandestinidad. Turing no s&#x00F3;lo rompi&#x00F3; los c&#x00F3;digos de los alemanes en la guerra, sino tambi&#x00E9;n estos mucho m&#x00E1;s r&#x00ED;gidos de conducta; si para los primeros su talento matem&#x00E1;tico era suficiente, para los segundos hubiese necesitado una tolerancia inexistente entonces. Su final fue tr&#x00E1;gico e inmerecido para un genio que tanto hizo por su pa&#x00ED;s y por la humanidad.</p>

			<p>Para conmemorar su nacimiento, el a&#x00F1;o 2012 fue proclamado como el A&#x00F1;o de Alan Turing. Con este motivo, numerosos eventos han tenido lugar en todo el mundo, que han servido para poner de manifiesto una vez m&#x00E1;s su extraordinaria actualidad. </p>

			<p>Este n&#x00FA;mero especial de ARBOR pretende ser un reconocimiento m&#x00E1;s a la figura de Alan Turing, recordando no s&#x00F3;lo sus hallazgos sino adem&#x00E1;s el legado que nos ha dejado.</p>

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