Las leguminosas en alimentación animal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2016.779n3005Palabras clave:
Leguminosas-grano, monogástricos, rumiantes, valor nutritivo, metabolitos secundariosResumen
Desde el punto de vista de su uso en nutrición animal, pueden considerarse dos grupos de leguminosas: leguminosas-forraje (p. ej. la alfalfa), usadas en alimentación de rumiantes y leguminosas-grano (p. ej. habas, guisantes y altramuces), usadas esencialmente para aves y cerdos, y en menor medida para rumiantes. Las leguminosas-grano pueden sustituir parcial o totalmente a fuentes de proteínas tradicionales, de origen animal, como carne, huesos o harina de pescado en los piensos para animales, y representan una alternativa para las harinas de soja y otras oleaginosas. Su contenido en proteína es variable pero elevado (25-45 g/100 g materia seca). No obstante, la presencia de metabolitos secundarios (inhibidores de proteasas, saponinas, glucósidos, lectinas, taninos, alcaloides), así como sus altos niveles de fibra (polisacáridos no amiláceos), ha restringido el uso de leguminosas-grano en la alimentación de animales monogástricos (aves y cerdos) y, mucho más en la de rumiantes. Sin embargo, en la actualidad se está incrementando el interés por el uso de estas materias primas como alimentos funcionales, sobre todo en nutrición humana, pero también en nutrición animal, entre otras razones, como consecuencia de la prohibición del uso de proteína animal (harinas de carne y hueso), que tuvo lugar en la Unión Europea tras la crisis de la Encefalopatía Espongiforme Bovina. Para establecer el valor nutritivo de las leguminosas ha de prestarse especial atención a su composición en nutrientes, su contenido en energía y la digestibilidad de los aminoácidos. En rumiantes, es necesario establecer la degradabilidad en el rumen tanto de la proteína como de los aminoácidos individuales y de los carbohidratos, aspectos que determinan la utilización de nutrientes en este grupo animal, pero sobre los que existe muy poca información. En la actualidad, la perspectiva respecto a los taninos en las dietas de rumiantes está cambiando considerándose que pueden ejercer un efecto beneficioso. La soja es la semilla más utilizada como fuente de proteína en nutrición animal, pero el hecho de que haya de importarse en su mayor parte y que sea modificada genéticamente suponen dificultades para su utilización en la actualidad en Europa. Razones de índole medioambiental, sanitarias y productivas resultan en un progresivo interés en el cultivo de leguminosas en la UE.
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