La protección infantil frente al maltrato en los Estados Unidos

Autores/as

  • Jill Duerr Berrick UCB

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.771n1005

Palabras clave:

Maltrato, acogimiento, permanencia, prevención

Resumen


Los EE.UU. pueden reconocerse como un país industrializado occidental con un estado de bienestar residual. En él, se ha desarrollado un sistema para responder a las dificultades familiares extremas, centrado casi exclusivamente en la garantía de la seguridad y la prevención del riesgo de los niños por daños infligidos por parte de los padres u otros cuidadores. A diferencia de muchas naciones europeas, la elegibilidad para optar a la prestación de servicios para la familia está muy restringida y los servicios de prevención suelen ser de corta duración. En última instancia, se persigue garantizar la seguridad de los niños que son separados de sus padres, en este sentido, el sistema de bienestar norteamericano otorga una alta prioridad a la devolución al hogar lo antes posible, ofreciendo oportunidades alternativas de un hogar permanente para aquellos niños que no vuelven a sus familias de origen. Este artículo sugiere que un sistema familiar con elegibilidad más amplia y con servicios de prevención dedicados a una mayor cantidad de usuarios podría beneficiar a muchos más niños y familias de las que se asisten en la actualidad en los EE.UU.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

AFCARS (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System). (2000). The AFCARS report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ACF, ACYF, Children's Bureau [on line]. [Retrieved June 19, 2012]. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/stats_research/afcars/tar/report12.htm

Al, C. M. W., Stams, G. J. J. M., Bek, M. S., Damen, E. M., Asscher, J. J., van, D. L. (2012). A meta-analysis of intensive family preservation programs: Placement prevention and improvement of family functioning. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 8, pp. 1472-1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.04.002

Alpert, L. T. and Meezan, W. (2012). Moving away from congregate care: One state's path to reform and lessons for the field. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 8, pp. 1519-1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.04.003

Annie E. Casey Foundation (2013). The kinship diversion debate: Policy and practice implications for children, families and child welfare agencies. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.

Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2012). Stepping Up for Kids: What Government and Communities Should Do to Support Kinship Families [on line]. [Retrieved July 5, 2013]. Available from http://www.aecf.org/KnowledgeCenter/Publications. aspx?pubguid={642BF3F2-9A85-4C6B-83C8-A30F5D928E4D}

Anyon, Y. (2011). Reducing racial disparities and disproportionalities in the child welfare system: Policy perspectives about how to serve the best interests of African American youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 2, pp. 242-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.09.007

Berrick, J. D. (2008a). Take me home: Protecting America's vulnerable children and families. New York: Oxford University Press.

Berrick, J. D. (2008b). From private to public: Paying grandparents as caregivers. In Berrick, J. D. and Gilbert, N. (eds.). Raising children: Emerging needs, modern risks, and social responses. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 27-40.

Casey Family Programs. (2010). 2020 Strategy: A vision for America's children. Seattle, WA: Casey Family Programs.

Child Welfare Information Gateway (2013). Foster care statistics 2011. Washington, D.C.: Children's Bureau, ACYF [on line]. [Retrieved July 2, 2013]. Available from www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/foster.pdf

Child Welfare Information Gateway (2011). Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, D.C.: Children's Bureau, ACYF. [on line]. [Retrieved June 26, 2013]. Available from https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies statutes/define.pdf

Clancy, T. (2012). Using a ratio of pre-placement Family Maintenance to Family Reunification as a performance measure for the Title IV-E Waiver counties. Unpublished manuscript (March 30, 2012). Alameda, CA: Alameda County Social Services Agency.

Conley, A., Berrick, J. (2010). Community-based child abuse prevention: Outcomes associated with a differential response program in California. Child Maltreatment, 15, 4, pp. 282-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559510376236 PMid:20647255

Desair, K. and Adriaenssens, P. (2011). Policy toward child abuse and neglect in Belgium: Shared responsibility, differentiated response. In Gilbert, N. Parton, N. and Skivenes, M. (eds.). Child protection systems: International trends and orientations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 204-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793358.003.0010

Drake, B., Lee, S. M. and Jonson-Reid, M. (2009). Race and child maltreatment reporting: Are blacks overrepresented? Children and Youth Services Review, 31, pp. 309-316.

Dworsky, A. (2008). The transition to adulthood among youth ";aging out"; of care: What have we learned? In Shlonsky, A. and Lindsey, D. (eds.). Child welfare research: Advances for practice and policy. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 125-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304961.003.0007

Edleson, J. L., Gassman-Pines, J. and Hill, M. B. (2006). Defining child exposure to domestic violence as neglect: Minnesota's difficult experience. Social Work, 51, 2, pp. 167-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/51.2.167

Esping-Anderson, G. (1999). Social foundations of post-industrial economies. New York: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198742002.001.0001

Falconnier, L. A., Tomasello, N. M., Doueck, H. J., Wells, S. J., Luckey, H. and Agathen, J. M. (2010). Indicators of quality in kinship foster care. Families in Society, 91, 4, pp. 415-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.4040

Ferguson, C. and Duchowny, L. (2012). State of California Title IV-E Child Welfare Waiver Demonstration Capped Allocation Project (CAP) final evaluation report. San Jose, CA: San Jose State University, School of Social Work.

Field, T. (2011). Congregate Care Rightsizing: What's best for kids is also good for State budgets [on line]. Available from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1209PolicyInstituteFeild.pdf

Finkelhor, D. and Jones, L. (2006). Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined? Journal of Social Issues, 62, 4, pp. 685-716.

Gilbert, N. (ed.) (1997). Combatting child abuse: International perspectives and trends. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gilbert, N., Parton, N. and Skivenes, M. (2011). Child protection systems: International trends and orientations. New York: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793358.001.0001

Gornick, J. C. and Meyers, M. K. (2003). Families That Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Government Accountability Office (2013). Child welfare: States use flexible funds, But struggle to meet service needs. Washington, D.C.: GAO [on line] [Retrieved June 28, 2013]. Available from http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-170.

Head Start: Indicators on Children and Youth. (2013). Child Trends Data Bank [on line]. Available from http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/02/97_Head_Start.pdf

Johnson, W. (2004). Effectiveness of California's child welfare Structured Decision Making model: A prospective study of the validity of the California family risk assessment. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Social Services.

Kempe, H. C., Silverman, F. N., Steele B. F., Droegemueller, W. and Silver H. K. (1962). The Battered-Child Syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181, 1, pp. 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1962.03050270019004

Kirp, D. (2007). The sandbox investment: The preschool movement and kids-first politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Knijn, T. and van Nijnatten, C. (2011). Child welfare in the Netherlands: Between privacy and protection. In Gilbert, N., Parton, N. and Skivenes, M. (eds.). Child protection systems: International trends and orientations. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 223-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793358.003.0011

Landsman, M. J. and Boel-Studt, S. (2011). Fostering families' and children's rights to family connections. Child Welfare, 90, 4, pp. 19-40.

Magruder, J. J. (2010). A comparison of near term outcomes of foster children who reunified, were adopted, or were in guardianship. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of California at Berkeley: Berkeley, CA.

McMillen, J. C., Zima, B. T., Scott, L. D., Auslander, W. F., Munson, M. R., Ollie, M. T. And Spitznagel, E. L. (2005). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older youths in the foster care system. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1, pp. 88-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000145806.24274.d2 PMid:15608548

Mikton, C. and Butchart, A. (2009). Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, 5, pp. 353-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.057075 PMCid:PMC2678770

Murtagh, L. and Ludwig, D. S. (2011). State Intervention in Life-Threatening Childhood Obesity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 2, pp. 206-207. Available from http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1104076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.903

National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2013). Structured Decision Making [on line]. [Retrieved June 29, 2013]. Available from: http://www.nccdglobal.org/assessment/sdm-structured-decision-making-systems/child-welfare

Needell, B., Webster, D., Armijo, M., Lee, S., Dawson, W., Magruder, J., Exel, M., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Williams, D., Yee, H., Hightower, L., Lou, C., Peng, C., King, B., Henry, C. and Lawson, J. (2013). Child Welfare Services Reports for California [on line]. [Retrieved March 7, 2013]. Available from http://cssr.berkeley.edu/ucb_childwelfare

National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) (2007). Foster children's caregivers and caregiving environments, Research Brief, Findings from the NSCAW Study. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children, Youth, and Families [on line]. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/resource/national-survey-of-child-and-adolescent-well-being-nscaw-no-2-foster

National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) (2003). NSCAW: One year in foster care wave 1 data analysis report. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children, Youth, and Families [on line]. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/resource/nscaw-one-year-in-foster-care-wave-1-data-analysis-report

OECD. (2011). Benefits and wages. www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives.

O'Hare, W. (2007). Review of data on foster children collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. Presentation to the John Burton Foundation, San Francisco.

Pew Charitable Trusts. (2011). Pew Inventory of State Home Visiting Programs [Interactive Data Visualization]. [Retrieved 28 July, 2013]. Available from http://www.pewstates.org/research/data-visualizations/home-visiting-inventory- 85899372712

Reynolds, A. J., Mathieson, L. C. and Topitzes, J. W. (2009). Do early childhood interventions prevent child maltreatment? A review of research. Child Maltreatment, 14, 2, pp. 182-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559508326223 PMid:19240245

Roberts, D. (2002). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. New York: Basic Civitas Books.

Shlonsky, A. and Wagner, D. (2005). The next step: integrating actuarial risk assessment and clinical judgment into an evidence-based practice framework in CPS case management. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, pp. 409-427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.11.007

Skivenes, M. (2011). Norway: Toward a child-centric perspective. In Gilbert, N., Parton, N. and Skivenes, M. (eds.). Child protection systems: International trends and orientations New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 154-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793358.003.0008

Testa, M. and Cohen, L. (2010). Pursuing permanence for children in foster care. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2007). National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being: No. 15: Kinship Caregivers in the Child Welfare System [on line] [Retrieved July 5, 2013]. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/resource/national-survey-of-child-and-adolescent-well-being-no-15-kinship-caregivers

United States Department of Health and Human Services (2012). Mandatory reporters of child abuse and neglect. Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare Information Gateway. https://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/manda.cfm

United States Department of Health and Human Services) (2012b). Child maltreatment: 2011. Washington, D.C.: Children's Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/can/statistics/stat_natl_state.cfm

United States Department of Health and Human Services) (2012c). AFCARS report#19. Washington, D.C.: ACF/ACYF/Children's Bureau. [on line] [Retrieved July 2, 2013]. Available from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb

United States Department of Health and Human Services) (2012d). AFCARS report#12. Washington, D.C.: ACF/ACYF/Children's Bureau [on line]. [Retrieved July 2, 2013]. Available from www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb

Wald, M. (in press). Beyond maltreatment: Developing support for children in multiproblem families. In Korbin, J. and Krugman, R. (eds.), Handbook on child maltreatment. London: Springer publishers.

Waldfogel, J. (1998). The Future of Child Protection: How to Break the Cycle of Abuse and Neglect. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wulczyn, F., Barth, R. P., Yang, Y-Y. and Harden, B. J. (2005). Beyond common sense: Child welfare, child well-being, and the evidence for policy reform. New York: Aldine.

Publicado

2015-02-28

Cómo citar

Duerr Berrick, J. (2015). La protección infantil frente al maltrato en los Estados Unidos. Arbor, 191(771), a203. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.771n1005

Número

Sección

Artículos