The hikikomori phenomenon: tradition, education and information and communication technologies (ICT)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2017.785n3010Keywords:
Japan, the Hikikomori phenomenon, ICT, philosophy of educationAbstract
Traditionally considered as unique to Japan, the hikikomori phenomenon has been spreading in recent years to other developed countries in the Western world. From a philosophical-educational perspective, and thus by means of the critical analysis of texts, this paper tries to tackle what is already considered an epidemic by many authors. We will show, on the one hand, that the main reason for the occurrence of this phenomenon in Japan is a strong conflict between an individualistic society and a, still very present, collectivistic cultural tradition. On the other hand, we will verify that the same conflict is beginning to occur in the Western world thanks to the growing collectivistic ideal offered by information and communication technologies (ICT). Consequently, the effects in the Western world and in Japan are becoming similar. As a conclusion, we support the recovery of an education for subjectivity development that tries to overcome this conflict.
Downloads
References
Arendt, H. (1997). Filosofía y política. Heidegger y el existencialismo. Bilbao: Besatari.
Arendt, H. (2007). Algunas cuestiones de filosofía moral. En: Arendt, H. Responsabilidad y juicio. Barcelona: Paidós, pp. 75-150.
Bauman, Z. (2004). Modernidad líquida. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Béjar, H. (1988). El ámbito íntimo. Privacidad, individualismo y modernidad. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Carre-o, M. (2002). Teorías e instituciones contemporáneas de la educación. Madrid: Síntesis.
Clammer, J. (1999). Transcending Modernity? Individualism, Ethics and Japanese Discourses of Difference in the Post-War World. Thesis Eleven, 57 (1), pp. 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513699057000006
Dale, P. N. (1986). The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness. Kent: Routledge.
De Luca, K. M., Lawson, S. y Sun, Y. (2012). Occupy Wall Street on the Public Screens of Social Media: The Many Framings of the Birth of a Protest Movement. Communication, Culture & Critique, 5 (4), pp. 483-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-9137.2012.01141.x
Deresiewicz, W. (2009, 30 de enero). The End of Solitude. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Disponible en: http://chronicle. com/article/The-End-of-Solitude/3708
Doi, T. (1988). The Anatomy of Dependence. The Key Analysis of Japanese Behaviour. Tokio: Kodansha International.
Duby, G., Barthlemy, D. y de la Roncière, Ch. (1988). Poder privado y público en la Europa Feudal. En: Duby, G. y Ariès, Ph. (eds.). Historia de la vida privada (vol. II: De la Europa Feudal al Renacimiento). Madrid: Taurus, pp. 19-46.
García Morente, M. (ed.) (1991). René Descartes. Meditaciones metafísicas. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, pp. 125-126.
García Morente, M. (2002). Ensayos sobre el progreso. Madrid: Encuentro. PMid:12393683
García Morente, M. (2011). Ensayo sobre la vida privada. Madrid: Encuentro.
Gay, P. (1992). La experiencia burguesa: de Victoria a Freud (vol. 1). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. PMid:1480069
Hattori, Y. (2006). Social Withdrawal in Japanese Youth. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4 (3-4), pp. 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v04n03_01
Hoffman, M. (2011, 9 de octubre). Nonprofits in Japan help 'shut-ins' get out into the open. The Japan Times. [En línea]. Disponible en http://www.japantimes. co.jp/news/2011/10/09/national/ media-national/nonprofits-in-japan-help-shut-ins-get-out-into-the-open/#. VDvZwPl_sSw
Horiguchi, S. (2012). Hikikomori: How private isolation caught the public eye. En: Goodman, R., Imoto, Y. y Toivonen, T. (eds.). A Sociology of Japanese Youth. From Returnees to NEETs. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 122-138.
Ito Saito, C. N. (2012). Hikikomori e clausura social no Japão. En: Greiner, C. y Souza, M. (orgs.). Imagens do Japão 2. Experiências e invenções. São Paulo: Annablumme Editora, pp. 101-124.
Ito Saito, C. N. y Greiner, C. (orgs.). (2013). Hikikomori. A vida enclausurada nas redes sociais. São Paulo: Intermeios.
Junqueras i Vies, O., Madrid i Morales, D., Martínez Taberner, G. y Pitarch Fernández, P. (2012). Historia de Japón. Economía, política y sociedad. Barcelona: UOC.
Kato, T. A. et al. (2012). Does the 'hikikomori' syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47 (7), pp. 1061-1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0411-7 PMid:21706238 PMCid:PMC4909153
Khondker, H. H. (2011). Role of the New Media on Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8 (5), pp. 675-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.621287
Lamarre, T. (2004). An Introduction to Otaku Movement. EnterText: An Interactive Interdisciplinary E-Journal for Cultural and Historical Studies and Creative Work, 4 (1), pp. 151-187.
López Castellón, E. (ed.) (1983). Friedrich Nietzsche. Ecce Homo. Cómo se llega a ser lo que se es. Madrid: Busma.
Markus, H. R. y Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98 (2), pp. 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Maruyama, M. (1963). Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. PMCid:PMC1210420
Mishima, Y. (2013). La ética del samurái en el Japón moderno . Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Miyamoto, Y., Nisbett, R. E. y Masuda, T. (2006). Culture and the Physical Environment. Holistic Versus Analytic Perceptual Affordances. Psychological Science, 17 (2), pp. 113-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01673.x PMid:16466418
Mori, ?. (1970). 'Delusion', M?s?. Monumenta Nipponica, 25 (3-4), pp. 415-430.
Murakami, R. (2000, 1 de mayo). Japan's Lost Generation. Time. Disponible en http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/ time/magazine/2000/0501/japan.essaymurakami.html
Nakane, Ch. (1970). Japanese Society. Londres: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Nathan, J. (1985). Mishima. Biografía. Barcelona: Seix Barral.
O´Reilly, T. (2007). What Is Web 2.0 Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software. Communications & Strategies, 65 (1), pp. 17-37. Disponible en http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1008839
Ortega y Gasset, J. (1930/1997). La rebelión de las masas. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
Parajón, M. (ed.) (1998). Blaise Pascal. Pensamientos. Madrid: Cátedra.
Pardo, J. L. (1991). Sobre los espacios: pintar, escribir, pensar. Barcelona: Ediciones del Serbal.
Reig Hernández, D. (2012). Socionomía. ¿Vas a perderte la revolución social? Barcelona: Deusto.
Resina de la Fuente, J. (2011). Los lunes en Sol: jóvenes, ciberpolítica y acción colectiva en la España del 15M. Revista Umbrales, 22, pp. 101-117.
Rybczynsky, W. (2006). La casa. Historia de una idea. Donostia-San Sebastián: Nerea.
Saito, T. (2013). Hikikomori. Adolescence Without End. University of Minnesota Press.
Sánchez Rojo, A. (2013). Educación y herencias modernas: el individuo y la habitación propia. Bordón. Revista de Pedagogía, 65 (2), pp. 127-136. https://doi.org/10.13042/brp.2013.65208
Sartori, G. (1998). Homo videns. La sociedad teledirigida. Madrid: Taurus. PMCid:PMC1689498
Satomi, I. (2007). Seeking the Self. Individualism and Popular Culture in Japan. Berna: Peter Lang.
Serrano-Puche, J. (2014). Hacia una «comunicación slow»: el hábito de la desconexión digital periódica como elemento de alfabetización mediática. Trípodos, 34, pp. 201-214.
Sibilia, P. (2008). La intimidad como espectáculo. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
S?seki, N. (2004). My individualism and the Philosophical Foundations of Literature. Singapur: Tuttle Publishing.
Sugimoto, Y. (1999). Making Sense of Nihonjinron. Thesis Eleven, 57 (1), pp. 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513699057000007
Tanizaki, J. (2012). El elogio de la sombra. Madrid: Siruela.
Teo, A. R., Fetters, M. D., Stufflebam, K., Tateno, M., Balhara, Y., Choi, T. Y., Kanba, S., Mathews, C. A. y Kato, T. A. (2015). Identification of the hikikomori syndrome of social withdrawal: Psychosocial features and treatment preferences in four countries. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61 (1), pp. 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014535758 PMid:24869848 PMCid:PMC5573567
Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V. y Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to conform, unwilling to rebel? Youth, culture and motivation in globalizing Japan. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 207. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207 PMid:21949510 PMCid:PMC3171786
Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together. Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Watsuji, T. (2006). Apéndice: La ética como antropología. En: Antropología del paisaje. Climas, culturas y religiones. Salamanca: Sígueme, pp. 247-254.
Yamamoto, T. (2000). Oculto por la hojarasca. Madrid: Edaf.
Yamanouchi, H. (1972). Mishima Yukio and His Suicide. Modern Asian Studies, 6, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00000287
Zielenziger, M. (2007). Shutting Out the Sun: How Japan Created Its Own Lost Generation. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.