All anymals are (un)equal, but some anymals are more (un)equal than others. a review of human exceptionalism, speciesism, and ontic-relational hierarchies between species
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2021.802010Keywords:
domination, speciesism, human exceptionalism, animal rights, ontic-relational hierarchiesAbstract
The relationship between humans and other anymals (Kemmerer, 2006) is, by definition, asymmetrical. Throughout history, many arguments have been made to justify a supposed human exceptionalism, from divine rights to higher intelligence, that legitimises the current system of exploitation, called domination (Manfredo et al., 2019) Nevertheless, the interface between species and how we conceive this is a difficult issue. There are many ways to see human-anymal relationships, from adoration (cows in India) to exploitation (biomedical research). Also, in Western countries there are alternative ways to see these relationships (for example, with pets). Belonging to one or another species is an essential factor determining the position that each animal has in these asymmetrical hierarchies. However, other relevant elements should be considered, such as the links between individuals, just as our affection for others generally depends on the type of relationship we have with them (e.g., family or friends).
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